Learning Objectives

After completing this continuing education activity you will be able to:

1. Define the hemodynamic parameters of preload, afterload, cardiac output, cardiac index, mixed venous oxygen saturation, and the normal and abnormal trends in shock states.
2. Identify the pathophysiology of the four types of shock and the clinical presentations and diagnostic studies performed to verify each shock state.
3. Develop an evidence-based short-term resuscitation plan and longer-term plan for managing and caring for patients with the four types of shock.