Learning Objectives

After completing this continuing education activity you will be able to:

1. Identify the cause of the pain and discomfort that may be experienced with the injection of unbuffered lido- caine.
2. Compare the effects from the injection of lidocaine buffered with saline to the effects of the injection of lidocaine buffered with bicarbonate.
3. Compare the cost of using lidocaine buffered with saline to lidocaine buffered with bicarbonate for local injection prior to inserting a peripherally inserted central cathe- ter (PICC).
4. Explain the proper ratios for mixing a 1:10 solution of lidocaine buffered with saline.
5. Identify the maximum recommended tourniquet time for peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion.
6. Analyze results from a study examining the average number and duration of fist clenching to increase vein visibility and palpability before PIVC insertion.
7. Identify features of a practice using 0.9% sodium chloride for flushing and locking implanted venous access devices (IVADs).
8. Compare results of flushing and locking IVADs with 0.9% sodium chloride plus heparin versus 0.9% sodi- um chloride alone.
9. Explain findings from a literature review related to the rate of IVAD occlusion from flushing and locking the devices with 0.9% sodium chloride alone.
10. Identify features of transfusion-associated adverse events (TAAEs).
11. Apply a TAAE Process algorithm to the care of a patient experiencing a TAAE.